CAPITAL
Amsterdam, but The Parliament and residence of the government are in The Hague.
FLAG
Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to
the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer; one of
the oldest flags in constant use, originating with William I, Prince of
Orange, in the latter half of the 16th century.
RECENT BACKGROUND
The Kingdom of the Netherlands was finally formed in 1815. In 1830 Belgium
seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The Netherlands remained neutral
in World War I, but suffered invasion and occupation by Germany in
World War II. A modern, industrialized nation, the Netherlands is also
a large exporter of agricultural products. The country was a founding
member of NATO and the EC (now the EU), and participated in the
introduction of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in 1999.
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Location:
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Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany
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Map: |
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Geographic coordinates:
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52 30 N, 5 45 E
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Area:
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total: 41,526 sq km
water: 7,643 sq km
land: 33,883 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey
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Land boundaries:
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total: 1,027 km
border countries: Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km
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Coastline:
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451 km
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Maritime claims:
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exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM
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Climate:
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temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
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Terrain:
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mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Zuidplaspolder -7 m
highest point: Vaalserberg 322 m
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Natural resources:
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natural gas, petroleum, arable land
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Land use:
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arable land: 26.53%
other: 72.44% (1998 est.)
permanent crops: 1.03%
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Irrigated land:
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5,650 sq km (1998 est.)
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Natural hazards:
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flooding
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Environment - current issues:
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water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic compounds, and
nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air pollution from vehicles
and refining activities; acid rain |
Environment - international agreements:
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party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent
Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of
the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling |
Geography - note:
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located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde)
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Population:
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16,150,511 (July 2003 est.)
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 18.2% (male 1,501,127; female 1,436,453)
15-64 years: 67.9% (male 5,576,141; female 5,389,764)
65 years and over: 13.9% (male 929,087; female 1,317,939) (2003 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 38.6 years
male: 37.7 years
female: 39.5 years (2002)
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Population growth rate:
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0.5% (2003 est.)
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Birth rate:
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11.31 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
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Death rate:
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8.66 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
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Net migration rate:
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2.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 4.26 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.82 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
male: 4.68 deaths/1,000 live births
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 78.74 years
male: 75.85 years
female: 81.76 years (2003 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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1.65 children born/woman (2003 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.2% (2001 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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17,000 (2001 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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110 (2001 est.)
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Nationality:
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noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women)
adjective: Dutch
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Ethnic groups:
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Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-western origin mainly Turks,
Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese and Indonesians) (1999 est.) |
Religions:
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Roman Catholic 31%, Protestant 21%, Muslim 4.4%, other 3.6%, unaffiliated 40% (1998)
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Languages:
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Dutch (official language), Frisian (official language)
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% (2000 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Kingdom of the Netherlands
conventional short form: Netherlands
local long form: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
local short form: Nederland
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Government type:
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constitutional monarchy
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Capital:
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Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government
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Administrative divisions:
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12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland,
Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant,
Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland |
Dependent areas:
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Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
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Independence:
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1579 (from Spain); note - the northern provinces of the Low Country
concluded the Union of Utrecht, but it was 1648 before Spain finally
recognized their independence |
National holiday:
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Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA in 1909 and accession to
the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX in 1980), 30 April |
Constitution:
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adopted 1814; amended many times, last time 17 February 1983
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Legal system:
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civil law system incorporating French penal theory; constitution does
not permit judicial review of acts of the States General; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations |
Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER (born 27 April 1967), son of the monarch
head of government:
Prime Minister Jan Peter BALKENENDE (since 22 July 2002) and Deputy
Prime Ministers Gerrit ZALM (since 27 May 2003) and Thom DE GRAAF
(since 27 May 2003) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections:
none; the monarchy is hereditary; following Second Chamber elections,
the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is
usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; vice prime ministers
appointed by the monarch note: there is also a Council of State composed of the
monarch, heir apparent, and councilors that provides consultations to
the prime minister on legislative and administrative policy |
Legislative branch:
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bicameral States General or Staten Generaal consists of the First
Chamber or Eerste Kamer (75 seats; members indirectly elected by the
country's 12 provincial councils for four-year terms) and the Second
Chamber or Tweede Kamer (150 seats; members directly elected by popular
vote to serve four-year terms) elections: First Chamber - last held 25 May 2003 (next
to be held NA May 2007); Second Chamber - last held 22 January 2003
(next to be held NA January 2007) election results: First Chamber - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - CDA 23, PvdA 19, VVD 15, Green Party 5,
Socialist Party 4, D66 3, other 6; Second Chamber - percent of vote by
party - CDA 28.6%, PvdA 27.3%, VVD 12.9%, Socialist Party 6.3%, List
Pim Fortuyn 5.7%, Green Party 5.1%, D66 4.1%; seats by party - CDA 44,
PvdA 42, VVD 28, Socialist Party 9, List Pim Fortuyn 8, Green Party 8,
D66 6, other 5 |
Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (justices are nominated for life by the monarch)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Maxime Jacques Marcel VERHAGEN];
Christian Union Party [Andre ROUVOET]; Democrats 66 or D66 [Boris
DITTRICH]; Green Party [Femke HALSEMA]; Labor Party or PvdA [Wouter
BOS]; List Pim Fortuyn [Mat HERBEN]; People's Party for Freedom and
Democracy (Liberal) or VVD [Gerrit ZALM]; Socialist Party [Jan
MARIJNISSEN]; a host of minor parties |
Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement (comprising Socialist
and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade union; Federation of
Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; Interchurch Peace
Council or IKV; large multinational firms; the nondenominational
Federation of Netherlands Enterprises |
International organization participation:
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AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE,
ECLAC, EIB, EMU, ESA, ESCAP, EU, FAO, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS
(observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO, ZC |
Economy - overview: |
The Netherlands is a prosperous and open economy depending heavily on
foreign trade. The economy is noted for stable industrial relations,
moderate inflation, a sizable current account surplus, and an important
role as a European transportation hub. Industrial activity is
predominantly in food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and
electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs
no more than 4% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for the
food-processing industry and for exports. The Netherlands, along with
11 of its EU partners, began circulating the euro currency on 1 January
2002. The country continues to be one of the leading European nations
for attracting foreign direct investment. Economic growth slowed
considerably in 2001-02, as part of the global economic slowdown, but
for the four years before that, annual growth averaged nearly 4%, well
above the EU average. |
GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $434 billion (2002 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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0.3% (2002 est.)
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $26,900 (2002 est.)
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 3.1%
industry: 25.7%
services: 71.2% (2001 est.)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.1% (1994)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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32.6 (1994)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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3.4% (2002 est.)
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Labor force:
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7.2 million (2000)
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Labor force - by occupation:
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services 73%, industry 23%, agriculture 4% (1998 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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3% (2002 est.)
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Budget:
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revenues: $134 billion
expenditures: $134 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
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Industries:
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agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery
and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics,
fishing |
Industrial production growth rate:
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0% (2002 est.)
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Electricity - production:
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88.32 billion kWh (2001)
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 89.9%
hydro: 0.1%
other: 5.7% (2001)
nuclear: 4.3%
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Electricity - consumption:
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99.42 billion kWh (2001)
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Electricity - exports:
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4.209 billion kWh (2001)
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Electricity - imports:
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21.49 billion kWh (2001)
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Oil - production:
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46,200 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
Oil - consumption:
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895,300 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
Oil - exports:
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1.418 million bbl/day (2001) |
Oil - imports:
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2.284 million bbl/day (2001)
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Oil - proved reserves:
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88.06 million bbl (January 2002 est.)
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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1.693 trillion cu m (January 2002 est.)
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Agriculture - products:
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grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; livestock
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Exports:
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$243.3 billion f.o.b. (2002)
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Exports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs
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Exports - partners:
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EU 77.1% (Germany 25.7%, Benelux 12.5%, UK 10.5%, France 10.0%, Italy 5.9%) (2002)
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Imports:
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$201.1 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs, clothing
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Imports - partners:
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EU 53.1% (Germany 17.6%, Benelux 9.6%, UK 6.7%, France 5.5%), US 8.7% (2002)
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Economic aid - donor:
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ODA, $3.5 billion (2000 est.)
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Currency:
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euro (EUR)
note:
on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a
common currency to be used by financial institutions of member
countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for
everyday transactions within the member countries |
Currency code:
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EUR
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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9,132,400 (1999)
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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4,081,891 (April 1999)
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: highly developed and well maintained
domestic:
the existing system of multi-conductor cables is gradually being
replaced by fiber-optic cables; the density of cellular telephone
traffic is rapidly increasing and further modernization of the system
is expected in 2001, with the introduction of the third generation of
the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth
stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean), 1
Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (1996) |
Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 4, FM 58, shortwave 3 (1998)
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Television broadcast stations:
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21 (plus 26 repeaters) (1995)
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Internet country code:
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.nl
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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52 (2000)
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Internet users:
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9.73 million (2002)
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Railways:
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total: 2,808 km
standard gauge: 2,808 km 1.435-m gauge (2,061 km electrified) (2002)
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Highways:
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total: 116,500 km
paved: 104,850 km (including 2,235 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,650 km (1999)
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Waterways:
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5,046 km (of which 3,745 km are canals)
note: 47% of total route length is usable by craft of 1,000-metric-ton capacity or larger
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Pipelines:
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crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km
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Ports and harbors:
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Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Groningen, Haarlem,
IJmuiden, Maastricht, Rotterdam, Terneuzen, Utrecht, Vlissingen |
Merchant marine:
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total: 616 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,664,711 GRT/5,226,912 DWT
note:
includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of
convenience: Belgium 1, Canada 1, Denmark 5, Finland 5, Germany 55,
Ireland 12, Norway 12, Sweden 17, UK 33, US 12 (2002 est.) ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 371, chemical tanker 51,
container 70, liquefied gas 13, livestock carrier 1, multi-functional
large-load carrier 15, passenger 10, petroleum tanker 24, refrigerated
cargo 34, roll on/roll off 16, short-sea passenger 2, specialized
tanker 6 |
Airports:
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28 (2002)
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 21
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 2 (2002)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 5 (2002) |
Heliports:
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1 (2002) |
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Autumn in Holland - one of my favorite themes. Themes to talk, to write
stories, to make photos. Some of them are below. Autumn is really nice
time in The Hague, Scheveningen, Delft, Amsterdam, Rotterdam. I really
like being outside during days in September and October, especially
walking through my favorite parks in The Hague or Delft, along the
channels in Amsterdam and other cities...
NB. I'm talking about sunny autumn (or at least autumn without strong rains and winds). further...
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